I’ve built a lot of speakers and attempt to follow basic guidelines recommended in the North Creek Cabinet Handbook. (Copyright Credit to George Short). The basic box is made out of MDF and Baltic Birch Plywood and is likely sufficient without adding additional layers but I do.
I add 1/4" thick Oak boards on 5 sides primarily for cosmetics but it adds rigidity as well. For the facia I use thicker oak boards, I think for the 15" sub builds I used oak 2" x 4" boards.
MDF and BB have different densities and damping characteristics. MDF is very dense while BB is at least 4 times as stiff as MDF. BB adds stiffness to the bracing and front and back of the enclosure and MDF adds density to all 6 sides. The front and back is a composite panel made of a layer of ¾” MDF laminated to a layer of ¾: BB.
The resonances of the two layers are different and George explains the design advantages and I could only repeat what is explained in the book since the science is beyond me. Some of the design characteristics are more applicable to a full range speaker than a sub-woofer.
There are also recommendations in the cabinet handbook for brace spacing and spacers and cross braces that create a matrixed pattern of “I-beam’s” that adds additional rigidity. The hard wood I add for a cabinet finish just adds to the mass of the enclosure, especially the fascia where the through cut for the driver weakens the front panel.

