The Role of R&D in Product Development


In my experience spanning from the 70s to today, I have learned a lot about the product development cycle. I am an engineer (Optics, optical and detection systems, not audio but applicable).

So what is the role of the engineer? It is to create to the best of it's ability a product that meets the requirements that have been agreed upon. Marketing weighs in with what their research says the customer base needs and is willing to pay for. Sales inputs what they can honestly pitch. QA and service provide input on what types of components can and cannot be used. Maufacturing responds with what can be built in time within budget. R&D inputs that given all these requirements, we can or cannot build a prototype that will meet the objectives. many discussions are held. Compromises are made.

Finally, agreement. R&D has promised that it can deliver a working prototype that meets the quantitative objectives agreed on.

We've all seen the cartoon about what can go wrong when product development goes awry. I'm speaking about the cases when it is done right.

Henceforward during the development phase, R&D determines how to meet the requirements agreed on. These are real, measurable requirements. During this process, many, many reviews take place to keep the development process on track to meet the requirements (and deadline, of course). R&D's goal is to meet these requirements, not to develop what it thinks the customer wants. It is thinking about the approach(es) that meet the requirements as agreed upon.

At any time, this process can be altered. New info from marketing, etc. The development process responds. More development and discussions ensue to change direction to align with the new requirement(s). This goes on until a working prototype is demonstrated to meet the requirements or until the project is abandoned (many reasons for this).

R&D is now gone. Manufacturing takes over. R&D takes on a new product development process.

Product development engineers do not choose this or that type of component (say capacitors or tube brand) unless agreed on with marketing (who may say that the product can't be sold unless it has XXX component). They choose a component that meets the requirements and does not break the budget, is available readily now and in the future, and that has published, technically believable performance specs, and has a manufacturer that has an excellent track record of delivering products to spec, on time, on budget.

Manufacturing takes over and immediately works on cost-cutting. They make recommendations, build prototypes, test performance that show the product still meets the requirements while being less expensive to make. R&D can weigh in here if it feels a mistake has been made, but it is manufacturing that must make the final decision. R&D is out of that decision making process. Of course, if some disaster in manufacturing takes place, it is all hands on deck to solve the problem.

R&D works to build a product that meets the agreed on performance requirements. Period.

This works at small companies also. I've been the third employee in a company and employee number 10000+. Very similar approaches.

Products can be developed and sold without engineering or manufacturing. Everything in that process is outsourced. Since there is no input from other disciplines, this can lead to the development of products that were designed to break one or more of the laws of Physics. The R&D folk in that company (if employed) will never agree with this. 

Oppo is an example that (for a while) outsourced everything but marketing and purchasing. They had a small staff of technical advisors who did an excellent job of creating well-thought, inexpensive, highly performing products. I have been in their facility when HQ was in Mountain View, CA. Front room - people on the phone; back room - stacks of product and a loading dock. That's it. I bought every generation of their audio products. Very excellent all-in-one digital players.

One approach is to find some "expert" that is willing to say their product is blah, blah good. Usually money or prestige (power) is involved. This is not product development. This does not always lead to a reliable, in spec, cost effective product. 

I suspect that Audio Research, Technics, Mark Levinson (at least at the beginning) and other well known product maufacturers that have survived the test of time market, develop, sell and support their products in this manner.

kevemaher

I will not buy from any company unless I see hard data backing their claims,….

That’s your choice.  In an ideal world, high-end audio would be transparent.  After investing time, effort, resources, few are willing to shoot themselves in the foot by revealing their R&D/engineering in our highly copy cat market especially cabling.  Most R&D results are kept in house- I’m somewhat surprised that your position is make results public - yes it’s great for the customer but terrible for the company to give their competitors the research for free.

Also, product markups must cover business operating costs.  Since our high-end hobby is a small niche market, higher markups are not uncommon.

I’ve given up on requiring proof of engineering, it won’t happen and it’ll severely limit my choices.  I simply look at reviews and use my ears to demo what I like within budget.  

@kennyc 

I apologize for creating confusion. I was not advocating that companies disclose all the details of how there products were designed and manufactured.

But they can publish how they test, list the test equipment used, publish data on final performance that shows the product meets claims and specifications, test report on the product received (may be skimpy, but signed by a human being), their QA practices, how they handle repairs, etc.

None of these discloses the "secret sauce" used in the product. They describe the processes used to ensure performance claims are met.

I developed a product that had numerous innovations, ones that placed the value of this product company's products far above similar offerings from competitors. None of my "secrets" were exposed, except ones that sales could use in their pitch and didn't expose anything we didn't want our customers to know for fear they'd tell our competitors. However, methods and test equipment, quality assurances, vendor reviews, suggested uses, practices for achieving best performance, customer training, repair and service are carefully laid out for all to review.

My inventions and ideas are protected by patents.

 

@kevemaher 

I carry a lot of cognitive dissonance regarding this hobby. My core system consists mid 90's amp and speakers (Krell KSA 300S, KRC-2, Thiel CS6 speakers, and Denon DP 47F turntable). I've been to 3 audio shows and heard a bunch of very expensive systems. In only a handful of cases have I heard systems that clearly out performed mine. My point here is that there has been a lot of smoke and fanfare but I'm not convinced that actual audible performance has improved all that much in the last 30 years with the exception of the ultra high end. I've heard a few systems at $500k+ that sounded incredible. I have great respect for the companies that make that gear and I'm happy that there are people who can afford it. But I've also heard several six-figure systems that were just OK but not great.

Audio is a mature industry. "New" ideas often mean bringing back designs that are decades old (i.e. field coil speakers) and perfecting them with new technology. The industry thrives because they've been able to convince us that a new, more expensive, piece of gear will sound better than the one we have. It's human nature that when we spend the money and hook it up we hear the improvement we expected to hear.

The quality of mass market audio is constantly improving and I believe that the design and marketing process that you describe is how we got here. Just the other day I was at the audio store that sold and installed my A/V system (we just built a new house) and they had a pair of SVS Ultra Evolution Pinnacle speakers. I asked to listen to them and I was pleasantly amazed. For $5k they sounded really good. I mean really, really good. I don't know much about SVS except that the speakers are manufactured in China, but those speakers didn't just happen on a fluke. SVS apparently has their act together to produce something that good for that price. I'm guessing that there design and manufacuring process is state of the art.

@8th-note 

Thanks for your post.

One of the places where I worked supplies ultra-high end molecular biology instruments. I developed PCR instruments (stripped down end point versions of PCR machines were used for Covid detection) and DNA sequencers. Exotic CCD arrays, ultra powerful LED sources, innovative optical filters, etc... Every component was state of the art for the time. Customers demanded the highest performance.

Yet we still had all the rigorous manufacturing process I've described. These were strictly adhered to.

Scientists that buy and use this equipment are some of the most sophisticated, demanding customers around. They're willing to pay for the performance, but really want reliable, believable, consistent results. We had to demonstrate performance to them in real time using their preferred sample preparation (kinda like an in-home speaker evaluation). Hundreds of these instruments selling for several hundred thousand dollars each were built and sold every year. And continue to be sold today (with performance upgrades).

If we hadn't done all the background work, we never would have been competitive.

One could argue that perhaps audio enthusiasts are not well-informed customers. I highly doubt that. There's too much information readily available. They are quite sophisticated (and very loud sometimes) in what performance they want.

With all respect to those who have written so eloquently, most high end audio manufacturers are remarkably small companies.  Many with less than ten employees, including the owner.  So, no "departments".  Everybody does everything from answering the phone, assembly to shipping.  It's the owner who does the new product development and marketing.