Turntable Causes Speaker Cones To Excessively Move Rapidly

Super unlikely you damaged your speakers. 
rumbling is caused by many things  including cartridge alignment issues, mismatch between cartridge/turntable/phono stage. 
you should post pictures of your system as it would be easier to rule out component placement issues. 

If you are determined to make things work with analog you need to have your cartridge alignment checked including VTF. Last thread you posted you were asking if you need stylus force gauge.
How do you know it’s not the VTF that’s causing the rumble.

Have you verified your cartridge is set up correctly? Did you get a stylus force gauge? This one on amazon will do the trick. I use it and like it a lot 

https://a.co/d/0is3Y04w
 

@audphile1 Yes, that is the one I actually bought :)  I have it at 1.8 grams right now. I also checked the needle placement with the white stand that came with the turntable and it looks really spot on. 

Here is a pic of my set up https://imgur.com/a/EAcNcOW

Unable to see your pictures -- ads are blocking them and neither waiting or clicking on the "X" gets rid of them.  (A Google search shows that apparently imgur used to be a good site for posting photos but not anymore....) 

I just tried imagur on my phone and it worked fine... I could see my picture with no problems