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A superconductor is a material that can conduct electricity with zero resistance below a specific critical temperature. This property allows an electric current to flow indefinitely without energy loss. These materials also expel magnetic fields, a phenomenon known as the Meissner effect. Examples of applications include powerful magnets in MRI machines, particle accelerators like those at CERN, and high-speed maglev trains.
- Zero resistance: Below its critical temperature, a superconductor offers no opposition to the flow of direct current (DC) electricity.
- Electron pairing: In the superconducting state, electrons pair up to form "Cooper pairs" and move through the material in a synchronized way that avoids scattering off the vibrating atoms.
- Magnetic field expulsion: A superconductor will expel a magnetic field from its interior, a key characteristic that enables magnetic levitation.
- Medical imaging: Powerful superconducting magnets are essential for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines to create strong, stable magnetic fields for clear internal body scans.
- Particle accelerators: Superconducting magnets are used to bend and focus particle beams in high-energy physics experiments, such as those at CERN.
- High-speed trains: Superconductors can be used to create the powerful magnetic fields needed to levitate trains above their tracks, allowing them to travel at very high speeds with less friction.

