@oberoniaomnia
Found an article which may help! Virtins Sound Card Instrument Manual.
It describes how software called Multi-Instrument can be used with a PC sound card to measure turntable wow, and flutter. More importantly, it has an excellent description of what wow, flutter, drift and scrape are. It talks about Fourier transforms to convert the output signal from the time domain to the frequency domain, and how we are really trying to output a Frequency Modulated (FM) signal.
There’s remarkably little Chinglish and reference to quite a variety of standards which are mainly equivalent.
There is a major outlier however with the Japanese standard.
Wow and flutter (W&F) is often expressed in terms of peak or RMS value of the frequency deviation. The former is adopted in AES6-2008(r2012) while the latter is used in JIS.
Obviously, the Root Mean Square value is less than the peak value so turntables rated using the JIS standard (typically Japanese ones) will appear to have lower wow and flutter than those rated using the AES standard.
Wow and flutter measurements go way back before computers, Fast Fourier Transforms and Digital Signal Processing, and the earlier versions of the standards described analog methods of returning the FM signal.
in classical music, sustained notes are smeared with vibrato
That’s why the frequency (not amplitude) beating effect is most easily heard with instruments that do not have the vibrato option - such as piano and clarinet - and not with strings or trombones. In theory!