First off, you never want to be able to hear your turntable!
But I think what you are asking primarily relates to the combination of phono stage gain (dB) and cartridge output (mV). A search will find calculators for best matches such as the KAB site Dougdeacon suggests. As a general rule and starting point, moving magnet and high output moving coil cartridges with >1.0 mV output may work into a standard built-in phono stage. A medium or low output moving coil cartridge (not as likely a match in your system) with <1.0 will require an additional gain section (active or transformer) either built-in or inserted ahead of your standard phono stage.
But I think what you are asking primarily relates to the combination of phono stage gain (dB) and cartridge output (mV). A search will find calculators for best matches such as the KAB site Dougdeacon suggests. As a general rule and starting point, moving magnet and high output moving coil cartridges with >1.0 mV output may work into a standard built-in phono stage. A medium or low output moving coil cartridge (not as likely a match in your system) with <1.0 will require an additional gain section (active or transformer) either built-in or inserted ahead of your standard phono stage.