There is quite a wide variation in the sound of viscoelastic materials commonly or uncommonly used in constrained layer damping applications, which the OP sort of hints at when he mentions substrate. Without really addressing which material is best for this application, notice the OP begs the question why not address vibration isolation first? Then the whole question of which substrate material to use will kind of fade away into the background, you know, since the turntable plinth will not be subjected to vibrations that excite it’s natural frequencies, that are generally in the region 10 Hz to 15 Hz. I.e., seismic vibrations. Once you have an isolation design then all you really need is a stiff and light plinth. So what about acoustic waves, you ask? Since they don't contain frequencies low enough to excite the natural frequencies of the turntable you can ignore them.