It's going to be a challenge to find a HT processor or receiver that includes a phono preamp. This went out of style a long time ago. You might find one or two items, but they may be extremely expensive. For example, the McIntosh processors usually come with a "MM" moving magnet phono input.
Otherwise, if you do a hybrid system like elliotbnewcombjr described, you can definitely find a preamp that includes a phono input.
Otherwise, if you do a hybrid system like elliotbnewcombjr described, you can definitely find a preamp that includes a phono input.